Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) in Florida

doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06173-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: a NAI susceptibility of A/Denmark/524/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 NA-H274 (N2 numbering) wild-type reference virus. b NAI susceptibility of A/Denmark/528/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 NA-H274Y oseltamivir/peramivir-resistant reference virus. c NAI susceptibility of A/bottlenose dolphin/Florida/UFTt2203/2022 (Dolphin/FL) virus. Classifications follow WHO guidance for NAI susceptibility evaluation.

Article Snippet: Virus susceptibility to the NAIs oseltamivir carboxylate (oseltamivir), zanamivir, and peramivir (MedChem Express) was determined by fluorometric assay with the substrate 2′-(4-methylumberlliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) (Sigma) as described , with minor modifications.

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Pathogens

Article Title: In Vitro Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Carrying a Dual Neuraminidase Mutation Isolated from Immunocompromised Patients

doi: 10.3390/pathogens9090725

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunocompromised patients infected with the dual H275Y mutant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.

Article Snippet: Oseltamivir acid, peramivir trihydrate, and zanamivir hydrate were purchased from Biosynth Carbosynth (Berkshire, UK).

Techniques: Infection, Mutagenesis

Journal: Pathogens

Article Title: In Vitro Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Carrying a Dual Neuraminidase Mutation Isolated from Immunocompromised Patients

doi: 10.3390/pathogens9090725

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antiviral susceptibilities of the dual H275Y mutant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.

Article Snippet: Oseltamivir acid, peramivir trihydrate, and zanamivir hydrate were purchased from Biosynth Carbosynth (Berkshire, UK).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Characterization of the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Baloxavir Marboxil against H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection

doi: 10.3390/v14010111

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antiviral activities of baloxavir acid and other reference compounds against HPAIV in viral yield reduction assay.

Article Snippet: BXM and BXA were synthesized at Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), whereas oseltamivir acid (OSA) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada).

Techniques:

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Characterization of the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Baloxavir Marboxil against H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection

doi: 10.3390/v14010111

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic effects of baloxavir marboxil (BXM) on survival in a lethal infection model of mice infected with H5N1 virus. The mice were intranasally inoculated with 75 times of 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID 50 )/mouse (31.3 times of 50% mouse lethal dose [MLD 50 ]) of the A/Hong Kong/483/1997 (H5N1) virus, and treatment was started immediately after viral inoculation ( n = 10/group). The survival time was then monitored throughout a 14-day period after the infection. The log-rank test was performed to compare the survival time between each group (* p < 0.01, **, p < 0.001 compared with vehicle, † p < 0.01, †† p < 0.001 compared with oseltamivir phosphate (OSP) at 5 mg/kg twice daily).

Article Snippet: BXM and BXA were synthesized at Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), whereas oseltamivir acid (OSA) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada).

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Characterization of the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Baloxavir Marboxil against H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection

doi: 10.3390/v14010111

Figure Lengend Snippet: The isobologram plot of baloxavir acid (BXA) combined with oseltamivir acid (OSA) or peramivir trihydrate (PRV). The 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) of each substance alone and at a fixed concentration were determined. (D A / A + B )/D A and (D B / A + B )/D B were plotted on the x- and y-axes, respectively. D A is the EC 50 of substance A alone, D B is the EC 50 of substance B alone, D A/A + B is the concentration of substance A; given a 50% inhibition combined with substance B, D B/A + B is the concentration of substance B; given a 50% inhibition combined with substance A.

Article Snippet: BXM and BXA were synthesized at Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), whereas oseltamivir acid (OSA) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Inhibition